Expat re-locating to Egypt For the long term.

Upon arrival to Egypt, following your successful clearing of customs you will likely transition to a hotel for some period of time.

The hotel industry by design caters to the regular business needs of firms and to the vast amount of tourist traffic generated within Egypt.All contacts established at this interface should be considered suspect,over priced and commercial in nature, until they prove other wise.

This understanding should be either confirmed or disproved based on your own powers of direct observation and interactions with the individuals.It's important you understand upfront that hotel salary's are often low and that many of the people working within the industry "need" and have learned how to supplement their normal income through the use of the daily exposure process to travelers they encounter.Via some form of commissions and or finder fees related to almost anything especially for apartments,car rentals, gifts and souvenir items from outside of the hotel itself.

These items and services which were recommended may appear cheaper to you at first look and they will be when measured against the hotel rates or fees for similar items or services. you need to understand it may still include some cost element for the recommending person and it could be a substantial amount.

I Suggest you use any trusted established contacts you have,from outside of the hotel for confirmation on cost of goods or services that have a large monetary value.

I highly recommend you apply due diligence principles and methods to all of your undertakings while being based in a hotel.Most of us learn this lesson the hard way, with it often being an expensive one.

Rental property Considerations for ex-pats in Egypt

After the reviloution I must state clearly, I have never felt safer within Egypt then i do currently.

Property rentals are pretty straight forward and you should always obtain a written lease or rental agreement done in duplicate, with one copy being for each party to the agreement. It’s a good ideal to have a witness also be a signatory on your behalf within the completed written agreement in general.

In almost all parts of Cairo you will need to have your passport available for verifying who you are. You should expect to also need to furnish a copy of your passport to the owner, the local authorities maintain a data base of who is where for related national security efforts.

You will find many commercial real-estate firms available which are ready to facilitate your local property search, expect to be shown higher end rentals that have an established expected commission level of ten percent. Do to the general commission structure of the local market along with the perception that all foreigners have un-limited funds.

It's been a customary practice over the centuries within Egyptian society to pay some form of a finder's fee to the individual, firm, agent or entity which located the property for you and helped close the deal. The recent norms established within Egypt are tied to historical practices. A payment equal to one months rent is the established norm.

You should understand you can and should try to split this expected fee with the property owner directly and never prepay a finder's fee when trying to locate a property.

I would ask about the owner about the under counter installation of a reverse osmosis water filtration system. If you will have children present and utilizing water along with fulfilling the daily kitchen requirements. You will find the local population split of the quality of water issue, many just assume it's safe for use or that no other affordable option is available or needed.

You will most likely be asked to pay three or four month's as initial fees when you sign your agreement. First and last months rent and one or two months as security for any potential damages which may be claimed by the owner.

You should expect to be asked for ten percent a year as a normal increase. You should also try to negotiate a lower total percentage increase on a yearly basis and request a longer contract term based on your known period of stay in Egypt. This point should also be included in your rental contract. Many real-estate or property owners prefer foreign nationals as tenants as they are often perceived to take better care of material items which belong to others.

As a rule it's good to ask about the services you need or want in any of the prospective properties that you are or will consider renting. Always ask so no issue arises later during the process. I would ask about natural gas, electric, Internet service provider, satellite television service, water and telephone with international services if needed as some of the services could take a couple of weeks to get working. I would ask if any businesses are located in the building or schools near by do to the related parking issues which routinely arise.

Be sure to inquire and or look for fire extinguishers, small pressurized aerosol can type extinguishers are locally available for a really reasonable price. It’s a good practice to have a couple on hand just for you own emergency use along with a flash light.

You should expect to discover some owners that just tell you no about any rental contract wording or request you may have. This group of owners has been pre-programmed, over the years to treat tenants as and ongoing pool of funds for use only.

Don't panic or become pressured, when you discover this process may require some time and effort take your time and continue your search you will find something suitable for use at a fair price. From one of the many decent people that Egypt is home to. Try to use any friends or contacts that already have a place similar to what you're looking for during your search, if the rental fees are within your target price range. They may have some insight or knowledge of and available apartment. That is only being advertised by word of mouth. Via the local social networking that normally occurs during the daily living processes. Many decent flats and apartments are rented Thur this networking process which is based on solid affiliations and good personal relationships.

Make sure this rental agreement covers and outlines all the pre-existing damage you discover which the owner claims he'll fix after you make a payment or when you sign the agreement. Please never just take a persons word when it comes to money or contract wording. If they refuse to have the items outlined in the agreement it's probably better you forget about this property.

The rental agreement should include language that specifically covers who is responsible for maintenance and repairs of major appliance items which pre exist and are semi fixed to the building or apartment.

The rental agreement should not define and old visibly used flat as "like new or new" the use of this wording will only predispose you to a claim against your security deposit and or require you make everything like new to obtain your deposit.

Some owners will define the property as being rented empty even though it contains some furnishings for your use, this really means you're responsible for any and all repairs that are not separately outlined in the rental agreement along with all the utilities.

You will encounter some flats which are devoid of air-conditioning, light fixtures and ceiling fans. The light fixtures and ceiling fans are very reasonably priced here. You should try to negotiate these issues for some form of offset to your monthly rent based on leaving the fixtures when you depart. I recommend the use of energy saving light bulbs in all the light fixtures.

You should expect to make lots of small repairs on your own to leaky faucets, burnt out light switches, cabinet handles or hinges and to toilets which seem to run continually.

I recommend when asking about property rentals in your selected area of Cairo that you try to keep it simple and think about the space you need in the context of bedrooms. Use the number of total bedrooms you will really need for your living needs. Then add one extra if you want a home office space and maybe another if you need a guest room. All the other apartment areas will most likely grow proportionately as bedrooms are added. Bathrooms will also be added based on the total of bedrooms, one of the extra bathrooms can be used for a laundry area most likely.

Almost all apartments or flats contain a minimum of one and one half baths as a starting point, a kitchen area and a reception, which is normally the largest area in the flat. which is used to entertain your guest and most flats will likely have two bedrooms as a minimum.

Most of the older flats and apartments have smaller kitchen areas. If you like and need a decent size kitchen area with plenty of space you need to be upfront about this requirement or other specific needs when you begin your search.

Tell all the people or resources you are utilizing for searching on your behalf, you only want to see flats that met your minimum space and or other requirements and have some working utilities such as water and electric. Often the natural gas is shut off when the flats are left setting empty over a long period of time but make sure you look for and see the gas meter for the apartment. The meters are quite often located inside of the apartment. If you don't see a meter you really do need to ask, because the area you're looking in may still use bottled gas for cooking and hot water requirements. Each appliance will need a gas bottle along with one spare tank. Which must be changed when it's empty, this is a real inconvenience and difficult task. Most females will find this task un-manageable as the tanks are very heavy and or unsanitary.

I recommend the use of electric water heaters within Egypt from which can easily be turned on and off by the press of a button on the unit. Each water heater should be installed and wired to a fused power switch for safety reasons outside of the area of use. These units require about an hour to heat up and will keep the hot water for a couple of days as the units are insulated. It's a good general safety practice to heat your water then shut off the power to the unit.

Upper level floors are often found empty due to the exposure to direct heat from the sun and the related cost to cool the area during the summer. Ground level floors which are really the first floor above ground level (unless it’s a villa) are also often empty in many buildings due to the proximity to the street and the related noise, the false perception of exposure to bugs and animals and the fear of being easily robbed.

As a general rule all ground level doors and windows should be covered with decorative iron work to discourage any person which may be less then honest.Egypt is like any other country on earth its home to both,good and bad people. 

If you're coming to work here and your firm has a local office already established, they should and will most likely help navigate you safely Thur this effort within your budget.

If you're pursuing this effort on your own as an individual or for a firm, you should really plan to take a couple of weeks to locate a place that’s both decent, affordable and located conveniently for a more comfortable long term living arrangement if your budgeting allows.

If you're coming for a term longer then one year, it's worth the effort to do some quick calculations for the cost of new kitchen and or electronic items and furnishing the empty flat Vs the cost of a furnished flat of the same size located within the same general area. This exercise will help you understand the daily cost of the furnished items. These items if purchased can easily be sold for half of the initial value, when you're ready to depart with some pre-planning and if you selected decent quality items to begin with. Assuming the items are only two or three years old, remains in good working condition and are presentable with all the original documents.

I highly recommend that all Person's which will be expatriated to Egypt for a period of time in excess of one year, and has a decent Per Diem or Housing and or Living allowance along with a transportation element run the numbers then decide what reasoned course of action is best to follow.

You may find it necessary or beneficial due to time and language constraints to use a local person or firm to facilitate your initial search and facilitate incoming purchasing and furnishing efforts in a reasonable amount of time.

I highly recomend the use of Riham Fadel for your incoming needs and objectives being meet in a timely fashion.She can source and handle the proper rental contracts and or negotiation efforts, vet the rental properties uitilites and obtian the other needed or wanted services necssary for your selected living quarters.

The cost of renting a flat or apartment in a multi family building should really contain two elements which result in a monthly total. The smallest component will be for the general shared building maintenance, cleaning services, hallway and garage lighting and may include a doorman's salary and trash services in some areas of Cairo. This money you will need to pay but "it should not be counted as part of the monthly rental fee" in the lease or rental agreement as they are two separate issues.

You should always prior to signing any agreements or making a deposit, be sure to obtain the latest bills or invoices for all the unities your expected to pay for the apartment or property you are looking at. These invoices are easily verified as being currently paid based on the meter numbers name and address. It's important to verify all services are current and available for this property.If your not fluent in Arabic you will need the help of a person which is to accomplish this task.It could and will prevent you from becoming entangled in a dispute for any past due amounts which are owed for utilities.

Egypt using a Reverse osmosis filter system for drinking water.

I have from time to time searched for information on the quality of potable water within Egypt.the areas covered in this linked report feeds the water supply where i live currently.

I have always used the local water boiled for coffee,tea and any other type of drink which requires refrigeration for storage. We also use the water for cooking.

We have always used bottled water for our daily drinking habits.

If anybody has any related current reports or information on the water quality within Egypt it would be appreciated if you add it to this thread with a link back to the source.

The report above also suggest using a point of use filtration system and then still boiling the water prior to use.

We normally use a large counter top type electric water boiler which is kept full of water that has been boiled at least one time prior to use in our daily cooking.

We recently installed a under counter model reverses osmosis filter system with five stages along with a storage tank.The unit automatically cleans the filters on a regular cycle which is pre programed into the small system and discharges the backwashed solution into the buildings drain system.The unit produces on average seventy five gallons a day of cleaned water or 12 liters per hour on a continuous basis. I'm happy to say the water taste quite like aquafina which is one of the popular local brands.

based on our family of four and our related past purchasing level for bottled water we will recover the cost of the system in under a one year period.

It took some effort to locate and contact the company we purchased our filter system from.Like many of the company's here that have web sites, the email links were found to be none functioning for two of the three firms we contacted and the third firms worked but they were none responsive to our initial attempt at contacting them via email in English.

I find this habit a bit bothersome,why build a web site for advertisement,sales,brand or company promotion with a link for use while contacting the firm. if you fail to respond to enquirers.

My luck with using the land lines was just a little better, i did manage to contact two of the the three firms and made a little head way speaking in English.In the end we used the mobile phone numbers and contacted them again using Arabic all three were quick to answer our questions.

Carrefor sales and assortment of cheap filters for in-line and counter top use. none of which can filter,clean and store water in a sufficient amount that we use as a family on an hourly or daily basis.

This product area is currently under study we will most likely enter the residential sector for this consumer product line.which is really needed within Egypt at a fair consumer price range.


I will list/link to some of the recent study which are available on-line and relate directly to the quality of available waters within Egypt.

Quality of Bottled Water Brands in Egypt

chemical-quality-of-tap-water-versus-bottled

Work instructions with quality check points.

The use of simple computer based work instructions,with mandated detailed quality check points,that detail pass or fail criteria for the specific step.This would seem to be a must have "type of document" in all manufacturing facilities today!And that this document, would be available in or accessible within all the departments.Which are related or directly associated with the product manufacturing pathway used by the facility for the article under manufacture.

This lack of detailed instructions and or process controls often results in additional down time do to recurring issues which should have been corrected systematically over the products previous manufacturing cycles.

I recently witnessed a batch of primer under going its final steps in the mixing and dispensing process.I observed what appeared to be a shortage of product containers based on my quick calculation of the number of necessary containers verses what was located at the filling station.I was shocked to learn, that no other containers for this material were available within the factory or from the material control group. which utilizes a manually written simple record system of in and out without the benefit of any min/max requirements for new order generation.Which should be based in part, on a historical known purchase cycle time for the needed article.

Paint Booths are needed within Egypt.

Over the years, I have visited many workshops within Egypt, along with some decent size factories that apply paints by conventional spray methods.Quite often the spray operations are being performed in an open area or just at curbside. With little regard being giving to the effects of the material being sprayed on the environment or for the spray technicians personnel health.

All to often the technicians knowledge base is or was constructed utilizing outdated concepts and ideals.Which were accumulated over the years working within the particular industry sector. Very little of this information historically was documented in any repeatable medium.That the workers could access, recall or use at a later time, in the context of specific work instructions or process control sheets. Which also should detail the necessary reference materials or other related regulations under the laws of Egypt. which are required for use and should be applied under current ISO standards.

I have found it very difficult, to effectively change the manufacturing culture in Egypt within some firms.As many firms only want to make very minimal changes to the established systems which are currently in use.

One company which I recently performed a manufacturing consultation for. Knew that his company operated at a decent profit level on a monthly basis. That his staffing level was just under one hundred employee's.And that the accountants could and would sort out the other details when they were needed through out the year."Nothing" was accessible or being tracked on a current data base!For any of the established norms and metrics which are routinely used for tracking and planning future business needs on an automatic basis.

This specific firm has been in continuous operations for almost forty years.This firm plans to build a new facility within two years and will implement many new controls within its manufacturing facilities.

pH1N1 Demonstrates 95% Instability In Critical Genetics Range with Extensive Bird Flu Inclusions

This information is well worth repeating and comes from GeneWurx.com .If you plan to travel for business or just, for a visit to Egypt in the near future. You may wish to review a couple of other sites with travel information specific to Egypt Flutrackers.com and some of the related issues.

pH1N1 Demonstrates 95% Instability In Critical Genetics Range with Extensive Bird Flu Inclusions


Today, May 12, 2010, 5 hours ago | noreply@blogger.com (NS1)
In positions where this flu is revising the pandemic gene code, the ΣPF11 reservoir (pH1N1) presently exhibits a strong pattern of alliance with serotypes normally infecting birds, horses and dogs.

More than 95% of the Hemagglutinin positions between 186 and 246, including antigenic areas of the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD/RBS), are on record as polymorphic. Only 3 positions in that range are stable. Many positions rate multiple changes. Protein revision is documented at 45 of the 61 positions (73.8%), engaging the potential for antibody resistance (natural immune escape and vaccine escape).

Please recall from earlier analyses (linked in the ultimate paragraph) that individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been correlated to escape events (low reactor).

The list presented today is certainly not comprehensive. Only one section is discussed from one gene segment (HA) covering 61 contiguous amino acid positions. The extensive variation in that short range is detailed in the data listing.

Viral revision is also rapidly occurring in additional HA antigenic areas outside the range of positions documented in this analysis. The Neuraminidase of the human pandemic H1N1 reservoir is also acquiring revisions with homology to Avian and Equine influenza at a ratio to total changes even higher than that of the Hemagglutinin being surveyed in this analysis.

The viral reservoir backing this present H1N1 flu pandemic is far from stable and is actively acquiring new genetics. Current data does not indicate an immediate direction toward stability.

A previous version of this listing may be referenced for tracking. Please review details on the causality behind this particular study in the earliest version.

186S synonymous (TCc) Russia61, BZSP53823_2009_08_01_f,
. . . . BadenWurttemberg8_2010, TexasJMS387_2009_12_08,
. . . . KO_Daegu1873_2009_12_16_TmX,
. . . . H9N2 (cCc, cac)
186P (cCT) CalifVRDL7, UkraineChernihiv857, Ankara17
. . . . Thessaloniki791_2010 mix (225G, syn233Y, 324I, 377K)
186F (TtT) Ankara26
187T synonymous (ACc) Berlin164, Iran572, BeijingXicheng11649,
. . . . S5, 1918,
. . . . H9N2
187A (gCT) TexasJMS405_2009, TexasJMS406_2009,
. . . . H5N1 (gaT)
188T (AcT) swThaiCURA75_2010_01,
. . . . H6N1 dkHK202_1977, dkKOS17_2003,
. . . . H7N7 extensive including human fatality
188S synonymous (AGc) NY6943_xL
188N SC16, SC31, NY3502, ME15, CatS1187, Milan433, Kaifu4142,
. . . . Bilthoven4360903023, Japan, China,
. . . . swHK_NS1809_2009_12_03 (189T), swHK_NS1810_2009_12_03
. . . . S5, H5N1
188I Growing in US on cross-linked background (4), BZSP53823 (186S),
. . . . H1N1 (1943, 46, 51)
189A synonymous (GCc), Georgia01_2010, Georgia 2010 (+5),
. . . . swOR4060
189V (GtT) Sydney2503, Texas46172731,
. . . . Sask, H6N1 mallMaryland887_2002
189S (tCT) Wisc1434
189T (aCT) Extensive in US incl NY7020 (77N), on cross-linkage (4) incl
. . . . NY6943_xL, Ontario328474, Aswan2288, China,
. . . . swHK_NS1809_2009_12_03 (188N)
. . . . 1918, H5N1 2009, H6N1, H9N2 2008
190D synonymous (GAt) Nebraska02_2010, Milan326, UkraineZakarpatska830,
. . . . AfghanN09833_2009_08
. . . . 1918, H1N1 (1943, 51)
190Y SwedenMalmoe1_2010_01_01, H6N1 (tTG)
191R (CgA) Chengdu18 (131P), GuangdongSWL28 (192H, 199N)
192H (CAt) GuangdongSWL28 (191R, 199N),
. . . . Avian H2N3 (agt), H3N8 (act), H6N1 (aAt, gat, gct)
192Q synonymous (CAg) RomaISS50 (227V), Nebraska01_2010,
. . . . H1N1 (1943, 46)
193S synonymous (AGc) US 2010 (4), SC18_VxX, NM11, NM13,
. . . . Wisc (5), DC_INS28,
. . . . CalifVRDL11_2010, CalifVRDL13_2010,
. . . . AfghanN10765_2009_09, Milan294, Japan 2010,
. . . . H3N8 AGc aplatBelgium12827_2007,
. . . . H6N1 AGc chkTaiwan0706_2003,
. . . . H9N2 Aac dkViet2009,
. . . . H11Nx Aac dkViet2009
193G (gGT) AR08, Cal_SDINS04, Kansas26,
. . . . H5N1 (gGg), H3N8 (gaT, gac, gaa), H11 (gac, gat)
193N (AaT) Washington72,
. . . . H3N8, H6N1, H9N2, H11
193R (cGT) catItaly304678_1_2009_12_17_f, Origin Unknown
194I (aTC) NC38E3, VA27, SC18, Bangladesh3009, StPete59, StPete99,
. . . . Thessaloniki788_2010 (syn233Y, 324I, 377K),
. . . . China (3),
. . . . H5N1
194L synonymous (CTa) Japan4081, tn,
. . . . H9N2 2008 (tTa),
. . . . H6N1 ckTaiwan1205_2001, tkBC2_1997 (CTa)
194L synonymous (CTt) TexasJMS385_2009, CalifVRDL36,
. . . . WiscD0675, WiscD0891, WiscD1237,
. . . . EgyptN11640_2009_10, Iran572,
. . . . H5N1,
. . . . H9N2 dkVietnamOIE2327_2009
195Y synonymous (TAc) Guayaquil4 (206S),
. . . . swOR4060, tkDeutsche, swDeutsche,
. . . . Avian H2N3,
. . . . Avian and Equine H3N8 emergent,
. . . . H5N1 gsEgyptR4_2007,
. . . . H6N1,
. . . . H7N7 2004-2009,
. . . . H9N2 99%,
. . . . H11 90%
196Q synonymous (CAa) Wisc (3), Moldova (3), Malaysia (2), China,
. . . . Milan326, Pavia (6), Ankara18, NordrheinWestfalen106,
. . . . swOR4060,
. . . . Avian H2N3,
. . . . H5N1
197T (AcT) Malaysia4039, swH1N2
198A synonymous (GCc) KO_Seoul1870_2009_12_18_TmX
198V Malaysia5283, Malaysia9117
198G (GgA) BeijingXuanwu1945 (86T, 178M), Tomsk07 (131P, 225G)
. . . . WSN33,
. . . . H3N8 eqHeilongjiang10_2008,
. . . . H6N1,
. . . . H7N7 ext
199N (aAT) GuangdongSWL28, Milan80, Milan83, Iceland176,
. . . . S9, S7, M7, Sask, H5 (aCT),
. . . . H1N1 (1943, 46, 51) (aCT)
199D synonymous (GAc) swine Illinois, H5, H9N2
200A synonymous (GCc) swOR4060, S5
200T (aCA) FL31, RomaniaTimis2018, Australia (6), Asia (15),
. . . . MilanUSHR1, Bilthoven4360901004,
. . . . NepalNP09A294, KO_Seoul1785_2009_11_TmX,
. . . . ShizuokaC247_2009_11_08,
. . . . Hiroshima647 (syn91G, 122E mix, syn145K, 210N mix, 219T mix),
. . . . Kobe90597_2010 (syn138A, syn429L),
. . . . Yokosuka8 (syn16T, 158E, 174R),
. . . . KuwaitN12991_2009_08_24,
. . . . tkDeutsche, swDeutsche,
. . . . H5,
. . . . H9N2
200S (tCA) NY1999_2010_01_18, NY0461, NY6945, NY5276,
. . . . NC57, SC46, WiscD0780, WiscS1338, NJ11, DC_INS31,
. . . . China,
. . . . MadridINS186 (373H), OdenseINS177 (286E)
. . . . cheetahCA30954
. . . . H11 Avian tCt ext, tCc ext including dkViet2009
201H (cAT) Wisc1140, Darwin2140,
. . . . H3N8 (cAa, cga), H7N7 (cta, ctg)
202A (GcT) MXinDRE797 2010 TmX (280A, syn321L, 324I), IA14, KY25,
. . . . HK34360, Guangdong2282 (131P, 230I, 244I, 275A),
. . . . LiaoningShuncheng1145, LiaoningShuncheng1148 (131P, 230I, 244I, 275A),
. . . . Bilthoven4310901550 (89G), Bilthoven4360903104 (89G),
. . . . H9N2 (AcA, AcG)
202V synonymous (GTa) JiangsuXiaguan1411
202V synonymous (GTc) YAMAGATA778, YAMAGATA803, swIllinois,
. . . . H1N1 (1943, 46, 51)
203S (TcT) Non-PF11 Sask, S9, S7, M7, 1918, WSN33
204V synonymous (GTa) PA31, SHIZUOKA1573, 1918, S7
204V synonymous (GTa) TexasJMS367_2009_11_12, PA31,
. . . . AfghanN10767_2009_09, AfghanN10974_2009_09,
. . . . KuwaitN13111_2009_09_23,
. . . . Shizuoka1573, Niedersachsen34, RheinlandPfalz86,
. . . . 1918, S9, S7, M7, Sask,
. . . . H9N2 Israel 2009, H9N2 Iran 2008
205G synonymous (GGa) Texas76C2, Wisc (4),
. . . . AfghanN09836_2009_08, TurkeyTR19_2009 (233H)
. . . . Slovenia5662, Slovenia5711,
. . . . Iceland162M (225G), Iceland162Siat3 (225G),
. . . . tkDeutsche, swDeutsche,
. . . . S5, H3N8 (tCa), H9N2 (GCa), H6N1 (GGa), H7N7 (GGa)
205E (GaG) BadenWurttemberg8_2010, ShizuokaC247_2009_11_08
. . . . Alabama03_2010_03_01 mix,
. . . . H11 (Gat), H7N7 (Gaa), H7N7 dkVictoria1976 (GaG)
205W (tGG) Brno216_2009, PuneNIV9433 (2E, 176I, 252L, 296H)
206A CatS1161
206T (ACA) Extensive
206T (ACt) Georgia670_2010 (Europe)
. . . . HiroshimaC309 (syn116R, 158E, 225E, 300S, 301V mix, syn398E)
207S synonymous (TCg) California01_2010,
. . . . CalifVRDL100 . . . (119M [H7N7], 189T [H5, H6, H9N2], 377K [H9N2]),
. . . . CalifVRDL12_2010 (119M [H7N7], 189T [H5, H6, H9N2], 377K [H9N2],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn477T [H3N8]),
. . . . CalifVRDL14_2010 (119M [H7N7], 189T [H5, H6, H9N2], 377K [H9N2],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn477T [H3N8]),
. . . . Avian H2N3,
. . . . H7N7 mallCalHKWF1971_2007 plus 5
208K (AaA) US, UK, Canada, HK, MX, Italy (2), Australia (12), Asia (5),
. . . . BahrainN11890_2009_10, BahrainN11892_2009_10, Dakar 2010 (3)
. . . . Cyprus5870_2010 (214R, 225E, 324I),
. . . . swOR4060
208S Australia43, Australia45, H6N1
208G (gGA) NY6292, HubeiWuchang1407,
. . . . Avian H4N6, H9N2 (gaA)
208T Norway3440
208R synonymous (AGg) TexasJMS385_2009
209Y synonymous (TAt) ShanxiWanbolin337
209D NorthDakota15
210S synonymous (AGt) Bogota0466N, Malaysia9131,
. . . . PuneNIV9436 (8V, 226R),
. . . . H9N2 (Aat)
210G (gGC) Bilthoven4360903119 (225E)
210N Texas76C2,
. . . . Hiroshima647 (syn91G, 122E mix, syn145K, 200T, 219T mix) mix,
. . . . H1N1 (1943, 46, 51)
211K (AAa) synonymous MXinDRE50617 (225G), Niedersachsen330
211R swOR4060_2009_12_31, 1918, H1N1 (1943, 46, 51)
212R swOR4060_2009_12_31, 1918, H1N1 (1943, 46, 51)
212E Vlad01 (225G), Argentina8574_41, IN21, HI30, Malaysia4039,
. . . . Latvia122498 (225G), Iwate1093
212N ME15
212T Anadyr177_F (225G), CA07X179, CA07X181
212K synonymous (AAa) NY1999_2010_01_18, NY0461, TexasJMS404_2009,
. . . . AfghanN11216_2009_10_16
213L TX15, Iowa04_2010, H5N1
213F synonymous (TTt) NY3230_2010_01_25 (100N, 159K), StPete99 (225E),
. . . . Sachsen156, IsraelMF4683, Georgia4805 (35I), Georgia670_2010 (165R)
214K synonymous (AAa) CalifVRDL81 (100N, 135I), San DiegoINS101_2009,
. . . . NY1999_2010 (syn429L), NM13,
. . . . Iran20001, Iraq2587, CatS1937, ENG620,
. . . . China22811, GuangdongFutian1480,
. . . . NagasakiHA1015_2010_02_01 (135E, 377K),
. . . . NagasakiHA1017_2010_02_08 (135E, 377K, syn496A, 550K),
. . . . S5,
. . . . H5N1 Aga
. . . . H9N2
214E Kurgan01, Moldova (3), swOR4060_2009_12_31
214N ENG92960012, SHIZUOKA1514, Hessen48
214Q Wisc0936 (237L)
214R (AgG) Cyprus5870_2010 (208K, 225E, 324I)
215P synonymous (CCa) NY2372_2010_01_20 (233H), San DiegoINS101_2009,
. . . . Kuwait (4), SC33, Eng616, BZ_Bahia15525_42M_f (RRT),
. . . . NepalNP09A284, Thai0440, GuangdongyunchengSWL51,
. . . . swHK_2299_2009_10_22, swHK_NS1583_2009_10_22
215P synonymous (CCt) NY_WC37RG, MO02, Eng256, Lisboa171 (324I, 373H)
216E synonymous (GAg) BadenWurttemberg490_xL, Hamburg14_xL,
. . . . Thuringen189_xL, Thuringen227_xL, Bilthoven4360903109,
. . . . Moldova (4), Belarus, Bosnia (3, 225G),
. . . . Bulgaria1369 (99T), Ostrava221_2010,
. . . . Iraq2587, Indiana,
. . . . tn, H9N2 (GTg)
217M (ATg) CalifVRDL99 with 4 potential zoonotic polymorphisms
. . . . (syn97D [H3N8 Avian, Equine & Canine, H5N1 Avian & Human],
. . . . .syn147F [H3N8 Avian, H4, H5N1, H6N1, H11],
. . . . .377K [H9N2],
. . . . .syn429L [H3N8 Avian])
. . . . H5N1 Human Indonesia 2006,
. . . . H5N1 Avian Bangladesh 2008
218A synonymous (GCg) Belarus, GhanaN12987_2009_10,
. . . . H9N2 (GGg), H6N1
218A synonymous (GCt) Nebraska02_2010, Iraq2587,
. . . . WSN33
218E Texas77 (159S, syn173G, 275A, 377K, 454I)
218S (tCA) Georgia07_2010 mix
218T (aCA) Hiroshima201 (225G), KuwaitN12991_2009_08_24
. . . . BelgiumG4751_2009 mix, Latvia237_2010 mix (377K)
218V (GTa) GuangdongyunchengSWL51, Malaysia (2 mix wt)
218V (GTc) swIll02930, 2931, 2932, 2937 (2009-12-29, 30)
219I synonymous (ATt) Calif_SDINS35, CalifVRDL84 (35I), NY6939 (35I),
. . . . Ancona451_f, Lyon2490, Poitiers3691 (35I), Valladolid35 (35I),
. . . . RheinlandPfalz81, Berlin210, BadenWurttemberg511,
. . . . Saarland21 (35I), Luxembourg184_2010 (35I), Luxembourg251_2010 (35I),
. . . . Dakar 2010 (4, 35I), Cameroon463 (35I),
. . . . H5N1 (Act), H6N1 (gct, gat)
219T (AcA) Wisc0134 (225E), Ontario315107 (225E),
. . . . RomaISS223, TessenderloINS191,
. . . . Hiroshima647 (syn91G, 122E mix, syn145K, 200T, 210N mix) mix,
. . . . Korea3623_2009_11_09 (131P, 226R, 280A),
. . . . swOR4060_2009_12_31
220R synonymous (AGg) Florida02_2010, Mexico476, MexCtCIA4,
. . . . Malaysia9451,
. . . . H6N1
221P synonymous (CCa) WiscD0780
221P synonymous (CCt) Non-PF11 tkDeutsche, swDeutsche
222R (AgA) ThaiTHB0405, ThaiTHB0408
223V synonymous (GTa) Utah59, ThaiTHB0390
. . . . H1N1 (1943, 1946, 1951),
. . . . H6N1 mallSweden30/2005
223M CA33
224K SC18_VxX, Melbourne1_1946
224M NY5186
225D synonymous (GAc) HubeiWuchang1418,
. . . . swHK_NS1809_2009_12_03, swHK_NS1810_2009_12_03
225N BZ_SP53838, Ukraine mix wt, Victoria2125, Malaysia8860
. . . . Neimenggu-Hangjinhouqi51, EgyptN14648_2009_11,
. . . . IrelandM79555, IrelandM79556,
. . . . BadenWurttemberg502, et al
225E Extensive on multiple backgrounds, incl Kuwait, Ghana and Egypt.
. . . . Denmark1341 (158E, 264V), Cyprus5870_2010 (208K, 214R, 324I),
. . . . LaReunion3479, Morocco1088H (300S),
. . . . HiroshimaC309 (syn116R, 158E, syn206T, 300S, 301V mix, syn398E)
225G LvivN6_VxX with syn413K, UkDnip273 (GgT mix wt),
. . . . YaroslavlIIV196_2009_12_04_f (89G & 4 silent H5N1 changes),
. . . . TurkeyTR20 (324I), Thessaloniki791_2010 mix (186P, syn233Y, 324I, 377K),
. . . . Latvia121488_2009 (377K), Georgia4484_2009 (158E, 377K),
. . . . Iceland162M, Iceland162Siat3, Denmark1900,
. . . . China mix,
. . . . NY7216 (148F),
. . . . H1N1 (1943, 46, 51),
. . . . H6N1,
. . . . H9N2
225G (Gga) RomaISS1897 & 1941, EgyptVacsera138,
. . . . EgyptN14644_2009_11_01, ex225E all with 300S, H6N1
225E+226R Russia (3), GermanyBY74, swMX4
226R synonymous (CAg) Alabama08, Texas45033567, Texas45131305,
. . . . S7, M7, S5, tn
226R Alabama01_2010, Trabzon01 (Turkey), GermanyMVHGW4_2009_12,
. . . . Korea3623_2009_11_09 (131P, 280A), China,
. . . . catItaly304678_2_2009_12_17_f, et al
227E synonymous (GAg) Wisc (10), Texas45130742,
. . . . Paris2573, Paris2590,
. . . . Avian H2 (Ggg)
227A swOR4060_2009_12_31, tkDeutsche, swDeutsche,
. . . . NJ11_1976_X53A, 1918,
. . . . H1N1 (1943, 46, 51)
227V (GtA) RomaISS50
227G (GgA) Utah20_VxX mix, Avian H2
228G synonymous (GGa) Arizona06, Lisboa108 (225E, syn346G),
. . . . Valladolid35 (35I),
. . . . GhanaFS1982 (syn139C, 206T, 261K, 296H, syn346G, 377K),
. . . . GhanaFS2206 (syn139C, 206T, 261K, 296H, syn346G),
. . . . ShanxiPingding351
. . . . S9, S7, M7, S5,
. . . . H5N1
229R synonymous (AGg) swMX04 (225G, 226R), SichuanDongqu1818,
. . . . H6N1
230I (ATc) Sask, S9, S7, H6N1 (4), H7N7
230I (ATa) Wisc0337_2009_12_15 (275A, 377K),
. . . . H1N1 (1943, 46, 51),
. . . . H5N1 Gharbiyah 80% CFR,
. . . . H3N8
230I (ATt) Guangdong2282 (131P, 202A, 244I, 275A),
. . . . LiaoningShuncheng1148 (131P, 202A, 244I, 275A),
. . . . H5N1, H6N1,
. . . . H7N7,
. . . . H9N2
230V (gTG) TexasJMS369_2009
231N synonymous (AAt) NY3230_2010_01_25 (100N, 159K),
. . . . CalifVRDL36 mix (273K), Lisboa104
231D Ankara05, OSAKA2143, GuangxiQinnan1187,
. . . . H6N1,
. . . . H9N2 2008
231K (AAa) Wisc0853, Wisc1915, Wisc2337
. . . . WiscD0740 (22I, 176I, 188I, 277N, syn413K)
232Y synonymous (TAc) NY7216 (148F, 225G), TexasJMS386_2009,
. . . . Florida30, PuertoRico51,
. . . . S9, S7, M7, Sask,
. . . . H5N1, H6N1,
. . . . H9N2
233Y synonymous (TAt) AthensINS85,
. . . . Thessaloniki788_2010 (194I, 324I, 377K),
. . . . Thessaloniki791_2010 mix (186P, 225G, 324I, 377K),
. . . . Hiroshima645,
. . . . H6N1,
. . . . H9N2 2008
233H (cAC) NC Duke TmX cluster (5, mix, 225G, 225N), NY2372_2010_01_20,
. . . . AZ17 & Australia6, TurkeyTR19_2009 (syn205G),
. . . . swHK_189_2010_01_07
235A CatNS7632, CalifVRDL55
235I Wisc2489
236L synonymous (CTg) Wisc0099, H9N2 (gTg)
236V Eng93120020, ENG645, H9N2, H6N1
237I Delaware02_2010, Cal_SDINS69, England (2),
. . . . Russia (4), Asia (4), MadridINS185 (447K)
237L Wisc0936 (214Q), 1918, H1N1 (1943, 46, 51),
. . . . tn, H5N1, H6N1,
. . . . H9N2
237V synonymous (GTg) Pennsylvania31, KuwaitN13111_2009_09_23,
. . . . AfghanN10767_2009_09, AfghanN10974_2009_09,
. . . . H9N2 (TTg), M7 (CTg)
238G (GgG) AthensINS161 (89G, 152L)
238D Kaliningrad01 (225E+226R), tn
238K (aAG) Wisc2485 (225E), DjiboutiN13142_2009_12_08, Spain (3),
. . . . OrenburgIIV13_2010_03_02_xL_f (225G), China,
. . . . swOR4060,
. . . . H1N1 Iowa_1943,
. . . . H5N1, H6N1,
. . . . H9N2 2008
238E synonymous (GAa) Extensive Wisc2424, EgyptN14648_2009_11,
. . . . Latvia122498, ThaiTHA0364, ShanxiChengqu547,
. . . . Cyprus5800_2010, HvidovreINS141,
. . . . SC01_2010, MN01_2010,
. . . . H9N2 (aAa), H6N1 (aAa)
239P synonymous (CCt) ENG621, NY6939, swOR4060_2009_12_31
239P synonymous (CCa) Ancona508PG, Russia180, Australia60,
. . . . MS09, NV20, ME01_2010, tn,
. . . . H6N1
. . . . H9N2
240G synonymous (GGg) DC_INS24,
. . . . S9, S7, M7, Sask,
. . . . H6N1 (GGg),
. . . . H9N2
240G synonymous (GGc) Wisc0636,
. . . . H9N2 (GGc)
240E (GaA) Brandenburg34
241D synonymous (GAt) CatS1943, Colombia4117, swIll (3), S7, M7, tn, H5
241G NH17, ENG93040048
241E China22811, H9N2 (CAa, CAg), H6N1 (GAa, GAg)
242K synonymous (AAg) swOR4060_2009_12_31
244I ThaiCU_H9, Shiga1, Guangdong2282 (131P, 202A, 230I, 275A),
. . . . LiaoningShuncheng1148 (131P, 202A, 230I, 275A),
. . . . Ancona02, Stockholm29,
. . . . Alabama03_2010,
. . . . H1N1 (1946, 51), S9, S7, M7, Sask
244T synonymous (ACt) CatS1935, CatS2120
245F synonymous (TTt) Aswan2288 (189T, 377K)
246E synonymous (GAg) NorthCarolina56 (100N, syn137A, 377K),
. . . . S7, M7, 1918, tn,
. . . . H5N1
246G (GgA) Iceland163_2009 mix (159D)

The truth is in the sequences

Pandemic Influenza H1N1 Genetic Acquisitions

I have great respect for the efforts of the individual behind the report below.which is complete as penned.Its well worth reading and weighing the contained information.



Pandemic Influenza H1N1 Genetic Acquisitions
Today, April 29, 2010, 14 hours ago

Zoonotic H9N2 Avian Influenza Further Destabilises H1N1 Pandemic Genetics
Today, April 29, 2010, 14 hours ago | noreply@blogger.com (NS1)
Is the H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Reservoir Stable?

If you enjoy counting, even measuring by observation, please continue reading.

But you must realize that the iota, the jot and even the title, will be considered of value in this forthcoming exercise. Some in the science community appear to find the process of discovery by observation just too tedious. If you are of that mindset, please direct your attention to any of the many “Science for Hire” venues where illogical, but comforting, summations are drawn from cleverly manipulated data streams. Science sells today. But we sometimes speculate that science is becoming just another sell-out, an industry pursuing profit over knowledge?

On the other hand, if careful examination, even hard work, is part of your daily lab book, you'll find evidence in this discussion to introspect.

Leading public health officials continue even today to indicate that the pandemic virus is unchanged. Keep that statement in mind as you read this analysis of heavy change activity in the pandemic reservoir, watching closely for the recent branching into genetic areas matching H9N2.

Also keep in mind that even single changes have demonstrated substantial importance.

Ongoing worldwide studies duplicated by independent, geographically dispersed laboratories, including the labs of those noted public health officials, indicate that a single polymorphism may produce a significant outcome within a Pandemic Influenza reservoir. Numerous accounts of important revisions are on record across a vast geography. The HA gene segment provides suitable examples for this discussion. 225G has produced a Vaccine Escape event in LvivN6, an elevated Case Fatality Rate and a substantial number of severe outcomes. Individual changes from 157 to 159 have also demonstrated “low reactor” status and registered as Vaccine Escape events. When 230I entered the H5N1 Gharbiyah cluster in Egypt, the resultant Case Fatality Rate became 80% for that strain, a substantial increase from the accepted H5N1 CFR.

Three separate single genetic changes are well characterised in leading to various forms of Anti-Viral resistance. TamiFlu Resistance (TmX) has now dispersed widely in a pattern following the rapid spread of resistance in seasonal influenza via the same Single Nucleotide Polymorphism coding for 275Y on the Neuraminidase. Emergent and attractant H1N1 strains (Triple Reassortments again) co-circulating alongside the pandemic reservoir also carry 275Y. H5N1 inclusions increase in the pandemic reservoir with a continuous flow. The PB2 627K is confirmed as leading to increased replication speed in humans and has recently been documented in a second pandemic sequence. As we have maintained from the beginning of this pandemic, TamiFlu Resistance and 627K are foregone conclusions according to our calculations.

Our team noted an increase in Avian inclusions and recently predicted HA 230I for ΣPF11. The polymorphism was documented last week in Wisconsin (US) on a background that does not deter transmission. The geographic area has a notable increase in cross-linked activity. The individual sample, A/Wisconsin/629-D00337, is primed for spread with 2 additional HA markers, 275A (TX, NM, CA and Sweden) and 377K (aggressively emerging). The NA carries 220K, a marker found on one cross-linked sequence from the Ukraine and across a wide US geographic pattern from December 2009 to the most recent 2010 sequences (North Carolina, New Hampshire, Wisconsin and Nebraska). The H6N1 Avian reservoir conserves 220K on the NA of 6 samples. We consider the Wisconsin0337 sample to be an excellent candidate as a universal donor of sorts due to limited polymorphisms, FlightPath intersecting location and the fact that each revision is currently an emergent change.

A second variant of 230I has been recorded from southern China with A/Guangdong/2282. Though the underlying 230I nucleotide coding and the overall background is different from the Wisconsin0337 sequence, Guangdong2282 remarkably carries the extremely rare 275A, a permutation found in less than ten samples within this pandemic reservoir. Guangdong2282 displays a highly polymorphic HA with 131P, 202A, 230I, 244I and 275A. All but 131P are rare. 202A is only found on one other human pandemic sequence, a 2010 TamiFlu Resistant case from Mexico. Two of the four NA changes match 1918 (53I, syn315G) with potential H5N1 involvement on one other. Convergence of numerous rare polymorphisms, including potential acquisitions from H5N1, H6N1, H9N2 and 1918, informs us that the viral reservoir is amply supplied for variation and is adamant about exercising fresh patterns.

H9N2, a "bird flu" serotype, has been recently evaluated for human pandemic potential. By all appearances, the present H9N2 reservoir is not becoming a pandemic virus, but is very much influencing the genetic acquisition cycle of the currently circulating PF11 pandemic virus (pH1N1). Which is worse, another species-jumping serotype entering the fray or a combinational virus with genetics from multiple pandemic potential reservoirs appending onto the current partially-adapted virus? In either case, the Hydra Effect appears to be operating in full force.

Given this information, obvious questions begin to form. If one genetic change may potentiate variant clinical outcomes, drug resistance or Vaccine Escape, what is the potential for multiple changes producing a variant outcome? And if a single genetic change and/or multiple changes are capable of producing large changes in behaviour, should we, in turn, have a very high and accurate level of surveillance on this reservoir? And what should we do with that important information? Should our public health officials speak from a platform of candor and accuracy when carrying out the responsibilities of their trusted positions?

Let’s investigate now if the viral reservoir is, in fact, unchanged?

Approximately 86% of the Hemagglutinin positions between 186 and 244, including antigenic areas of the RBD, are on record as polymorphic. Only 8 positions in that range are stable. Many positions rate multiple changes. The list presented today is certainly not comprehensive. For the sake of brevity, only one section is discussed from one gene segment (HA) covering just 59 amino acid positions. The extensive variation in that short range is documented in the trailing data. Tracking these revisions against various baselines has informed our studies over the past year.

The positional summary may perhaps be instructive for those who hold the belief that the pandemic reservoir is stable. This report may provide reversing guidance for those who make public statements to the effect that pandemic H1N1 is not changing. Although their multiple motivations to transmit these types of false “Feel Good” statements are somewhat discernable, the citizen requires the full story, the truth, to make informed decisions.

Those making these statements do, in fact, understand Primary Logic and Basic Science; they do know that for a vaccine to be considered widely useful, the viral reservoir must be cooperative and unchanging. They also know that this reservoir is vastly changed. However, their jobs depend on providing a social message with a stated solution. Knowing that the vaccine is not useful against this present changed virus, they must by now realise that they have lost their stated solution. The traditional public health strategy in these solution-less situations is obfuscation. Re-education on basic fact, re-definition of truth, has now become the chief tenet, their tool of choice, to bridge that failure to solve.

Science solves . . . crafting a clever press release is not an act of science.

The official repetition of the “All Clear” social messaging campaign cannot reverse the weight of the actual data. The presently circulating virus is hereby documented in this report as changed and changing. No amount of repetition invoking the “unchanged” myth, that mystical “Feel Good” chant, can conjure an environment that miraculously creates a stable viral reservoir or that alters the ongoing genetic acquisition cycle.

However, that ongoing strategy of repetition is apparently very effective in managing the perception and manipulating the belief of the unsuspecting public. Sleight of hand is always discovered on careful observation . . . but will this reliance on myth be discovered soon enough?

Observe.

The viral reservoir backing this present H1N1 pandemic is far from stable and is actively acquiring new genetics. Current data does not indicate an immediate direction toward stability.

As is the nature with an IDRREAV, the positions reported here will not necessarily be the most important amino acid positions in the future. The reservoir will evade immunity and escape vaccine by heavily self-revising in the near future at key locations between 131 and 182 (emphasis at 155 to 177). Variation will occur with lower penetration at the head of the HA and from 272 downstream approximately 55 positions. Potential is very high that 22I will achieve density in one or more sub-clades. Expect 100N to spread and penetrate initially on sub-clades without the 22I appearances. South American polymorphisms from their fatal mid-pandemic strains of 2009 will recycle into the United States and other Northern Hemisphere nations with substantial thrust in the coming 90 days. Acceleration of the Avian based cross-linking will continue in the Western world.

Bear in mind also that a solid portion of the changes documented in this current list will become fixed even as additional donations are accumulated. The zoonotic movement from birds into human PF11 sequences is earnestly progressing in the most recent 45 days of available data. Several polymorphisms, HA and NA, from the recent 2010 Georgia hospitalization resurgence may have originated in Avian Influenza samples.

Expect continued acquisition from Avian H5N1, H6N1 and H1N1, and also watch the acceleration from one particularly new Avian donor serotype. H9N2 demonstrated a human jump in late 2008 and has very recently become fully engaged in ΣPF11 genetics with a well-defined etching on the newest cross-linked sequences. The reservoir flux will also be influenced by Swine H1N2 and H1N1 (emphasis on 3 certain emergent strains).

Is the Pandemic Influenza Reservoir Stable?

You decide . . .

186S synonymous (TCc) Russia61, BZSP53823_2009_08_01_f,
. . . . BadenWurttemberg8_2010, TexasJMS387_2009_12_08,
. . . . KO_Daegu1873_2009_12_16_TmX,
. . . . H9N2 (cCc, cac)
186P (cCT) CalifVRDL7, UkraineChernihiv857, Ankara17
186F (TtT) Ankara26
187T synonymous (ACc) Berlin164, S5, 1918, H9N2
187A (gCT) TexasJMS405_2009, TexasJMS406_2009, H5 (gaT)
188T swThaiCURA75_2010_01
188N SC16, SC31, NY3502, ME15, CatS1187, Milan433, Kaifu4142,
. . . . Japan, Bilthoven4360903023, S5, H5
188I Growing in US on cross-linked background (4), BZSP53823 (186S),
. . . . H1N1 (1943, 46, 51)
189V Sydney2503, Texas46172731, H6N1 mallMaryland887_2002, Sask
189S Wisc1434
189T Extensive in US, on cross-linkage (4), Ontario328474
. . . . H5N1 2009, H6N1, H9N2 2008
189A synonymous (GCc), Georgia01_2010, Georgia 2010 (+5), swOR4060
190D synonymous (GAt) Nebraska02_2010, Milan326, UkraineZakarpatska830,
. . . . 1918, H1N1 (1943, 51)
190Y SwedenMalmoe1_2010_01_01, H6N1 (tTG)
191R Chengdu18 (131P), GuangdongSWL28
192H GuangdongSWL28
192Q synonymous (CAg) RomaISS50, Nebraska01_2010, H1N1 (1943, 46)
193S synonymous (AGc) SC18, US 2010 (4), Milan294, Japan, H9N2
193G (gGT) AR08, Cal_SDINS04
193N Washington72, H9N2
193R (cGT) catItaly304678_1_2009_12_17_f
194I NC38E3, VA27, SC18, Bangladesh3009, StPete59, StPete99
194L synonymous (CTa) Japan4081, tn
. . . . H9N2 2008 (tTa), H6N1 chkTaiwan1205_2001 (CTa)
194L synonymous (CTt) TexasJMS385_2009,
. . . . H9N2 dkVietnamOIE2327_2009
196Q synonymous (CAa) Wisc (3), Moldova (3), Malaysia (2), Milan326,
. . . . Pavia (6), Ankara18, NordrheinWestfalen106, swOR4060
197T Malaysia4039
198A synonymous (GCc) KO_Seoul1870_2009_12_18_TmX
198V Malaysia5283, Malaysia9117
199N GuangdongSWL28, Milan80, Milan83, S9, S7, M7, Sask, H5 (aCT),
. . . . H1N1 (1943, 46, 51) (aCT)
199D synonymous (GAc) swine Illinois, H5, H9N2
200A synonymous (GCc) swOR4060, S5
200T (aCA) FL31, RomaniaTimis2018, Australia (6), Asia (13),
. . . . MilanUSHR1, Bilthoven4360901004,
. . . . ShizuokaC247_2009_11_08, H5, KO_Seoul1785_2009_11_TmX,
. . . . tkDeutsche, swDeutsche,
. . . . H9N2
200S (tCA) NC57, SC46, WiscD0780, WiscS1338, NY5276, NJ11,
. . . . DC_INS31, cheetahCA30954
201H (cAT) Wisc1140, Darwin2140, H3N8 (cAa, cga), H7N7 (cta, ctg)
202A (GcT) MXinDRE797 2010 TmX (280A, syn321L, 324I), IA14, KY25,
. . . . HK34360, Guangdong2282 (230I, 275A),
. . . . Bilthoven4310901550 (89G), Bilthoven4360903104 (89G),
. . . . H9N2 (AcA, AcG)
202V synonymous (GTc) YAMAGATA778, YAMAGATA803, swIllinois,
. . . . H1N1 (1943, 46, 51)
204V synonymous (GTa) PA31, SHIZUOKA1573, 1918, S7
204V synonymous (GTa) TexasJMS367_2009_11_12, PA31,
. . . . Shizuoka1573, Niedersachsen34, RheinlandPfalz86,
. . . . 1918, S9, S7, M7, Sask,
. . . . H9N2 Israel 2009, H9N2 Iran 2008
205E (GaG) BadenWurttemberg8_2010, ShizuokaC247_2009_11_08
. . . . Alabama03_2010_03_01 mix,
. . . . H11 (Gat), H7N7 (Gaa), H7N7 dkVictoria1976 (GaG)
205G synonymous (GGa) Texas76C2, Wisc (4), tkDeutsche, swDeutsche,
. . . . S5, H3N8 (tCa), H9N2 (GCa), H6N1 (GGa), H7N7 (GGa)
206A CatS1161
206T Extensive
207S synonymous (TCg) California01_2010
208K US, UK, Canada, HK, MX, Italy (2), Australia (12), Asia (3), swOR4060
208S Australia43, Australia45, H6N1
208G NY6292
208T Norway3440
208R synonymous (AGg) TexasJMS385_2009
209D NorthDakota15
210G (gGC) Bilthoven4360903119 (225E)
210S synonymous (AGt) Bogota0466N, Malaysia9131, H9N2 (Aat)
210N Texas76C2, H1N1 (1943, 46, 51)
211K synonymous MXinDRE50617 (225G)
211R swOR4060_2009_12_31, 1918, H1N1 (1943, 46, 51)
212R swOR4060_2009_12_31, 1918, H1N1 (1943, 46, 51)
212E Vlad01 (225G), Argentina8574_41, IN21, HI30, Malaysia4039
212N ME15
212T Anadyr177_F (225G), CA07X179, CA07X181
212K synonymous (AAa) TexasJMS404_2009
213L TX15, Iowa04_2010, H5
213F synonymous StPete99 (225E)
214E Kurgan01, Moldova (3), swOR4060_2009_12_31
214N ENG92960012, SHIZUOKA1514, Hessen48
214Q Wisc0936 (237L)
214K synonymous (AAa) San DiegoINS101_2009, NM13, CatS1937,
. . . . ENG620, China22811, S5, H9N2
215P synonymous (CCa) San DiegoINS101_2009, SC33, Eng616,
. . . . GuangdongyunchengSWL51, BZ_Bahia15525_42M_f (RRT)
215P synonymous (CCt) NY_WC37RG, MO02, Eng256
216E synonymous (GAg) BadenWurttemberg490_xL, Hamburg14_xL,
. . . . Thuringen189_xL, Thuringen227_xL, Bilthoven4360903109,
. . . . Moldova (4), Belarus, Bosnia (3, 225G), Indiana, tn, H9N2 (GTg)
218A synonymous (GCg) Belarus, H9N2 (GGg), H6N1
218A synonymous (GCt) Nebraska02_2010
218E Texas77 (159S, syn173G, 275A, 377K, 454I)
218S (tCA) Georgia07_2010 mix
218T Hiroshima201 (225G)
218V (GTa) GuangdongyunchengSWL51, Malaysia (2 mix wt)
218V (GTc) swIll02930, 2931, 2932, 2937 (2009-12-29, 30)
219I synonymous (ATt) Cal_SDINS35, Ancona451_f, Lyon2490,
. . . . RheinlandPfalz81, Berlin210, BadenWurttemberg511,
. . . . H5 (Act), H6N1 (gct, gat)
219T (AcA) Wisc0134 (225E), Ontario315107 (225E), RomaISS223,
. . . . Korea3623_2009_11_09 (131P, 226R, 280A), swOR4060_2009_12_31
220R synonymous (AGg) Mexico476, Malaysia9451, H6N1
223V synonymous (GTa) Utah59, H1N1 (1943, 46, 51),
. . . . H6N1 mallSweden30_2005
223M CA33
224K SC18_VxX, Melbourne1_1946
224M NY5186
225N BZ_SP53838, Ukraine mix wt, Victoria2125, Malaysia8860 et al
225E Extensive on multiple backgrounds
225G LvivN6_VxX with syn413K, UkDnip273 (GgT mix wt),
. . . . H1N1 (1943, 46, 51), H9N2, H6N1
225G RomaISS1897 & 1941, EgyptVacsera138 (300S) ex225E (Gga), H6N1
225E+226R Russia (3), GermanyBY74, swMX4
226R Alabama01_2010, Trabzon01 (Turkey), GermanyMVHGW4_2009_12,
. . . . Korea3623_2009_11_09 (131P, 280A), catItaly304678_2_2009_12_17_f, et al
227A swOR4060_2009_12_31, NJ11_1976_X53A, 1918,
. . . . H1N1 (1943, 46, 51)
227V RomaISS50
227G Utah20 with wt mix
229R synonymous (AGg) swMX04 (225G, 226R), H6N1
230I Wisc0337_2009_12_15 (275A), Guangdong2282 (131P, 202A, 275A),
. . . . H1N1 (1943, 46, 51), H5 Gharbiyah 80% CFR, H9N2, H6N1
230V (gTG) TexasJMS369_2009
231D Ankara05, OSAKA2143, H9N2 2008, H6N1
231N CalifVRDL36
231K Wisc0853, Wisc1915, Wisc2337
232Y synonymous (TAc) TexasJMS386_2009, Florida30, PuertoRico51, S9, S7, M7, Sask,
. . . . H9N2, H5, H6N1
233Y synonymous (TAt) AthensINS85, Hiroshima645, H9N2 2008, H6N1
233H NC Duke (5, wt, 225G, 225N), AZ17 & Australia6
235A CatNS7632, CalifVRDL55
235I Wisc2489
236L synonymous (CTg) Wisc0099, H9N2 (gTg)
236V Eng93120020, ENG645, H9N2, H6N1
237I Delaware02_2010, Cal_SDINS69, England (2), Russia (4), Asia (2)
237L Wisc0936 (214Q), 1918, H1N1 (1943, 46, 51),
. . . . tn, H5, H9N2, H6N1
237V synonymous (GTg) Pennsylvania31, H9N2 (TTg), M7 (CTg)
238D Kaliningrad01 (225E+226R), tn
238K (aAG) Wisc2485 (225E), Spain (2), China,
. . . . OrenburgIIV13_2010_03_02_xL_f (225G), swOR4060,
. . . . Iowa_1943, H5, H9N2 2008, H6N1
238E synonymous (GAa) Extensive Wisc2424, SC01_2010, MN01_2010,
. . . . H9N2 (aAa), H6N1 (aAa)
239P synonymous (CCt) ENG621, swOR4060_2009_12_31
239P synonymous (CCa) Ancona508PG, Russia180, Australia60, ME01_2010, tn,
. . . . H9N2, H6N1
240G synonymous (GGg) DC_INS24, H9N2, H6N1 (GGg), S9, S7, M7, Sask
240G synonymous (GGc) Wisc0636, H9N2 (GGc)
240E (GaA) Brandenburg34
241D synonymous (GAt) CatS1943, tn
241G NH17, ENG93040048
241E China22811, H9N2 (CAa, CAg), H6N1 (GAa, GAg)
242K synonymous (AAg) swOR4060_2009_12_31
244I ThaiCU_H9, Guangdong2282 (131P, 202A, 230I, 275A), Shiga1,
. . . . Ancona02, Stockholm29,
. . . . Alabama03_2010, H1N1 (1946, 51), S9, S7, M7, Sask
244T synonymous (ACt) CatS1935, CatS2120

The truth is in the sequences.